This book provides an overview of the principles of operation of Global Navigation Satelite Sysiems (GNSS, i.e., GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo) with primary emphasis on the GPS. It covers the fundamentals of both hardware and algorithms/software aspects of GNSS. This book is intended to serve as a textbook for both undergraduates and postgraduates interested in pursuing study in GNSS. It is also intended as a source of information for engineers, geodesists, surveyors, navigators, teachers, etc., who have an interest in radio navigation principles and systems.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 U.S. Global Positioning System
1.2.1 GPS Services
1.2.2 GPS Modernization Program
1.3 Russian GLONASS System
1.4 Chinese BeiDou Satellite Navigation System
1.4.1 BeiDou Program History
1.4.2 BeiDou Services
1.5 European Galileo Satellite System
1.6 Augmentations
1.7 Organization of the Book
Review Questions
Chapter 2Fundamentals of Satellite Navigation
2.1 Methods of Radionavigation
2.1.1 Trilateration
2.1.2 Hyperbolic Positioning
2.1.3 Doppler Positioning
2.2 Concept of Ranging Using TOA Measurements
2.2.1 Two-Dimensional Position Determination
2.2.2 Principle of Position Determination via Satellite-Generated Ranging Signals
2.3 Reference Coordinate Systems
2.3.1 Earth-Centered Inertial Coordinate System
2.3.2 Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Coordinate System
2.3.3 World Geodetic System
2.3.4 Height Coordinates and the Geoid
2.3.5 GLONASS Coordinate Reference System
2.3.6 BeiDou Geodetic Reference System
2.3.7 Galileo Coordinate Reference System
2.4 Time References and GNSS Time
2.4.1 Time Scales. Astronomical and Atomic
2.4.2 GNSS System Time
2.5 Fundamentals of Satellite Orbits
2.6 Position, Velocity and Time Estimation
2.6.1 Determining Satellite-to-User Range
2.6.2 Calculation of User Position
2.6.3 User Velocity Estimation
2.6.4 Time Estimation
Review Questions
Chapter 3Functional Segments of GNSS
3.1 Overview of the GNSS System
3.1.1 Space Segment Overview
3.1.2 Control Segment Overview
3.1.3 User Segment Overview
3.2 Space Segment
3.2.1 GPS Space Segment
3.2.2 GLONASS Space Segment
3.2.3 BeiDou Space Segment
3.2.4 Galileo Space Segment
3.3 Control Segment
3.3.1 GPS Control Segment
3.3.2 GLONASS Control Segment
3.3.3 BeiDou Control Segment
3.3.4 Galileo Control Segment
3.4 User Segment
Review Questions
Chapter 4Stand-Alone GNSS Performance
4.1 Introduction
4.2 GNSS Error Sources
4.2.1 Satellite Clock Error
4.2.2 Ephemeris Error
4.2.3 Relativistic Effects
4.2.4 Atmospheric Effects
4.2.5 Receiver Noise and Resolution
4.2.6 Multipath and Shadowing Effects
4.2.7 Hardware Bias Errors
4.2.8 Pseudorange Error Budgets
4.3 Accuracy
4.3.1 Satellite Geometry and Dilution of Precision in GPS
4.3.2 Accuracy Metrics
4.3.3 Weighted Least Squares (WLS)
4.3.4 Additional State Variables
4.3.5 Kalman Filtering
4.4 Availability
4.5 Integrity
4.5.1 Discussion of Criticality
4.5.2 Sources of Integrity Anomalies
4.5.3 Integrity Enhancement Techniques
4.6 Continuity
Review Questions
Chapter 5GNSS Signals
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modulations for Satellite Navigation
5.2.1 Modulation Types
5.2.2 Multiplexing Techniques
5.2.3 Signal Models and Characteristics
5.3 GPS Signals
5.3.1 Legacy GPS Signals
5.3.2 Modernized GPS Signals
5.3.3 GPS Signal Summary
5.4 GLONASS Signals
5.4.1 GLONASS Frequencies
5.4.2 Modulation
5.4.3 Code Properties
5.5 BeiDou Signals
5.5.1 BeiDou Frequencies
5.5.2 Open Service Signals
5.5.3 Ranging Code
5.6 Galileo Signals
5.6.1 Frequencies and Signals
5.6.2 Modulation Schemes
5.6.3 SAR Signal Plan
5.7 Navigation Message Format
5.7.1 GPS Navigation Message
5.7.2 GLONASS Navigation Message
5.7.3 BeiDou Navigation Message
5.7.4 Galileo Navigation Message
Review Questions
Chapter 6GNSS Receivers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 GPS Receiver Architecture
6.2.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Front End
6.2.2 Frequency Down-Conversion and IF Amplification
6.2.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Automatic Gain Control
6.2.4 Baseband Signal Processing
6.3 GPS Signal Acquisition
6.3.1 Tong Search Detector
6.3.2 M of N Search Detector
6.3.3 Direct Acquisition of GPS Military Signals
6.4 GPS Signal Tracking
6.4.1 Predetection Integration
6.4.2 Baseband Signal Processing
6.4.3 Digital Frequency Synthesis
6.4.4 Carrier Aiding of Code Loop
6.4.5 External Aiding
6.5 Carrier Tracking Loops
6.5.1 Phase Lock Loops
6.5.2 Costas Loops
6.5.3 Frequency Lock Loops
6.6 Code Tracking Loops
6.7 Formation of Pseudorange, Delta Pseudorange, and Integrated Doppler
6.7.1 Pseudorange
6.7.2 Delta Pseudorange
6.7.3 Integrated Doppler
6.8 Data Demodulation
Review Questions
Chapter 7Differential GNSS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Spatial and Time Correlation Characteristics of GPS Errors
7.2.1 Satellite Clock Errors
7.2.2 Ephemeris Errors
7.2.3 Ionospheric Errors
7.2.4 Tropospheric Errors
7.2.5 Receiver Noise and Multipath
7.3 Code-Based Techniques
7.3.1 Local-Area DGNSS
7.3.2 Regional-Area DGNSS
7.3.3 Wide-Area DGNSS
7.4 Carrier-Based Techniques
7.4.1 Precise Baseline Determination in Real Time
7.4.2 Static Application
7.4.3 Airborne Application
7.4.4 Attitude Determination
7.5 RTCM Messages
Review Questions
Chapter 8 GNSS Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Marine and Land Applications of GNSS
8.2.1 Marine Navigation
8.2.2 Land Navigation
8.3 Aviation Applications
8.3.1 Classes of Aviation Augmentation Systems
8.3.2 Benefits of GPS and Augmentations to Aviation Users
8.3.3 Future of GNSS Navigation in Aviation
8.3.4 Functionality of Aviation Augmentation Systems
8.4 Space Applications
8.4.1 Operational Considerations
8.4.2 Applications
8.5 GNSS in Surveying, Mapping, and Geographical Information Systems
8.5.1 Surveying
8.5.2 Mapping
8.5.3 Geographical Information System
8.6 GNSS Time Transfer
8.7 Government and Military Applications
8.7.1 Military User Equipments
8.7.2 Autonomous Receivers——Smart Weapons
8.7.3 Other Government Applications
Review Questions
References
