Part 1 C/C++ Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Getting Started with C/C++ 1
1.1 The C and C++ Programming Language 1
1.2 Why to Learn C and C++ 2
1.3 Three Levels of Programming Language 4
1.4 Interpreted Languages and Compiled Languages 6
1.5 The Development Tools of C/C++: Compilers and Linkers 7
1.6 The Development Cycle 7
Chapter Review 9
Chapter 2 Your First C/C++ Program 10
2.1 Your First C++ Programme on Microsoft VC++ 6.0 10
2.1.1 Create a Win32 Console Application Project 10
2.1.2 How does it work? 18
2.2 Your First C++ Program on Codeblocks 20
2.3 Writing a C Program 28
2.4 Similarities and Difference between C and C++ Program 29
Chapter Review 30
Programming Exercises 30
Chapter 3 Variables and Operators 31
3.1 Variables 31
3.2 Variables and identifiers 32
3.3 Data Types 32
3.4 Variables Declaration and Initialization 33
3.5 Variable Names and Comments 35
3.6 Operators 38
3.6.1 Arithmetic Operators 38
3.6.2 Logical Operators 39
3.6.3 Bitwise Operators 40
3.6.4 Relational Operators 41
3.6.5 Operators Precedence in C/C++ 41
3.7 Some Much Used Operators in C / C++ 43
3.7.1 Increment and Decrement Operator 43
3.7.2 sizeof() Operator 44
3.7.3 Modulus (%) Operator 45
3.7.4 Conditional Operator ( ? : ) 46
3.7.5 comma “,” operator 46
Chapter Review 48
Programming Exercises 48
Chapter 4 Decision Making 52
4.1 Conditional Operations 54
4.2 The if Structure 55
4.2.1 The if Statement 56
4.2.2 The if-else Statement 57
4.2.3 Nested if Statements 58
4.2.4 if-else-if Statement 59
4.2.5 switch-case statement 61
Programming Exercises 64
Chapter 5 Loops 66
5.1 for Loop 66
5.2 while Loop 69
5.3 do...while Loop 71
5.4 for Loops vs while Loops 72
5.5 Loop Control Statement “break” and “continue” 73
5.5.1 “Break” Statement 73
5.5.2 “continue” Statement 75
Chapter Review 76
Programming Exercises 77
Part 2 Core Language Features
Chapter 6 Arrays 81
6.1 Declaring an Array 82
6.2 Initializing an Array 83
6.3 Accessing Array Elements 83
6.4 Array out of Bounds 85
6.5 Address-of Operator (&) 86
6.6 Pointers in C and C++ 87
6.7 Dynamic Array 89
Programming Exercises 91
Chapter 7 Functions 93
7.1 What is a Function 93
7.2 Library Functions 93
7.3 User-defined Functions 94
7.3.1 Defining a Function 94
7.3.2 Parameters and Arguments 96
7.3.3 Function Declarations 97
7.4 Calling a Function 98
7.4.1 Passing by Value 98
7.4.2 Passing by Address (or Pointers) 99
7.4.3 Passing by Reference 101
7.5 Recursion 102
7.6 Function Overloading 104
7.6.1 Function Overloading by Having Different types of Parameters 104
7.6.2 Function Overloading by Having Different Number of Parameters 105
Programming Exercises 106
Part 3 Object Oriented Programming
Chapter 8 Strings 109
8.1 String Assignment 111
8.2 String Comparison 111
8.3 String Concatenation 112
8.4 String Functions 113
8.5 String Operations 114
Chapter Review 116
Programming Exercises 117
Chapter 9 Classes and Objects 118
9.1 Data Encapsulation 118
9.2 Declaring a Class 120
9.3 Defining a Member Function 121
9.3.1 Getter and Setter 121
9.3.2 Implementing Member Functions 122
9.4 Creating an Object 124
9.5 Constructors for Initialization 124
9.6 Destructor 126
9.7 Air ticket example for classes and objects 127
9.8 Friend Function of a Class 131
9.9 Operator Overloading 134
Chapter Review 137
Programming Exercises 138
Chapter 10 Inheritance 140
10.1 Implementing Inheritance 140
10.2 Types of Inheritance 142
10.3 Access Modes in C++ Inheritance 144
10.4 Example for Inheritance 145
10.5 Air Ticket Example for Inheritance 146
10.6 Polymorphism in C++ 151
Chapter Review 153
Programming Exercises 155
Part 4 File Operating
Chapter 11 Files and Stream 157
11.1 Types of Files 157
11.2 File Operations in C++ 158
11.2.1 Creating/Opening a File Using Fstream 159
11.2.2 Writing Text Files 160
11.2.3 Reading Text Files 161
11.2.4 String Streams 163
11.2.5 Converting to text 164
11.3 File Operations in C 167
11.3.1 Opening a File 167
11.3.2 Writing a File 169
11.3.3 Closing a File 169
11.3.4 Read from a text file 170
11.3.5 Writing Characters to a File 171
11.3.6 Appending Data to a File 172
Chapter Review 173
Programming Exercises 173
Chapter 12 Splitting Program into Multiple Files 174
12.1 Separate a Program into Multiple Files in C 174
12.2 Practice in Microsoft Visual C++ 6 177
12.3 Separate a Program into Multiple Files in C++ 179
Programming Exercises 185
Part 5 Projects for C/C++
Part A Elementary C/C++ Projects 187
Project 1 Logical Gates 187
Project 2 Lorry Fleet 193
Project 3 Money Class 198
Part B Computer Game and Machine Learning Projects 201
Project 4 Hangman Game Project 201
Project 5 The tic-tac-toe game 205
Project 6 Designing a chatbot 209
Part C Hardware Based Projects 213
Project 7 Blinking a LED and LED chaser 213
Project 8 Distance Measurement using Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino 218
Project 9 Servo Motor Projects 222
Appendix: Vocabulary for C/C++ 229
References 233
