Table of Contents

PREFACE
SUMMARY

1 Roles and Evolution of Energy Storage
1．1 Source of regulating capacity
1．2 Roles of Energy Storage
1．3 Development and Evolution
1．3．1 Trend of Clean Energy Transition
1．3．2 Evolution of Energy Storage Forms
1．3．3 Changing Trend of Regulating Capability

2 Current Technology and Application
2．1 Current Applications
2．2 Mechanical Energy Storage
2．2．1 Pumped Hydro Storage
2．2．2 Compressed-air Energy Storage
2．2．3 Flywheel Energy Storage
2．2．4 Frontier Technology
2．3 Electro-chemical Energy Storage
2．3．1 Lithium-ion Battery
2．3．2 Lead Storage Battery
2．3．3 Flow Battery
2．3．4 NaS Battery
2．3．5 Frontier Technology
2．4 Electromagnetic Energy Storage
2．4．1 Supercapacitor
2．4．2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
2．5 Chemical Energy Storage
2．6 Thermal Storage
2．7 System Integration， Operation and Control
2．7．1 Battery Management System
2．7．2 Power Conversion System
2．7．3 Energy Management System
2．7．4 Operation and Control Technology

3 Requirements and Deployment of Energy Storage
3．1 Basis of Research
3．1．1 Regulating Capacity Demand
3．1．2 Adjustable Power Generation
3．1．3 Generation Characteristics of RF
3．1．4 Levelized Cost of Electricity of Renewable Generation
3．2 Methodology
3．3 Main Application Scenario
3．3．1 Definitions
3．3．2 Technical Requirements
3．3．3 Matching Analysis
3．4 Typical Application Scenario Configurations
3．4．1 Generation Side
3．4．2 Grid Side
3．4．3 User Side
3．4．4 Summary
3．5 Total Demand Analysis
3．5．1 Optimization Method
3．5．2 Scenario Construction
3．5．3 Analysis Results
3．5．4 System Configuration Scheme
3．6 Techno-economic Goals
……

4 Development Roadmap
5 Development Prospect

Appendix Abbreviations/Definitions

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Preface
Energy is closely related to the overall situation of the sustainable development of human beings. To achieve sustainable human development, it is a major and urgent task to address a series of severe challenges such as shortage of resources, climate change, environmental pollution and energy poverty currently facing the world, the root cause of which lies in the large consumption and heavy dependence on fossil energy. Fundamentally, the core of sustainable development is clean energy development, and the key is to promote transformation and transition of energy production and consumption. The Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) is a modern energy system that is built jointly and shared by all mankind and interconnected with predominately clean energy and electricity at its center. it is a platform for the development, transmission and use of renewable energy in large scales around the world to promote the global energy transition characterized by cleanness, electrification and interconnection.
In order to accelerate the construction of the global energy interconnection and promote sustainable human development, The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) has conducted extensive and in-depth research on key technologies such as energy storage.
Dependent on natural resources, wind and solar power generation has the characteristics of randomness, variability and uncontrollability and is difficult to provide stable power supply for the system, and even more so to adjust its output to meet demand. The requirement of a system for energy storage (ES) essentially depends on the degree of imbalance between energy production and consumption, and in electrical power system, this is determined by the characteristics of net load. With the continuous development of large-scale renewable energy bases and distributed energy, power systems with high proportion of renewable energy(RE) have gradually taken shape with net system load fluctuation increasing, as a result, the power system demand for energy storage is on the rise. Energy storage, which plays an important role in improving the flexibility, economics and safety of power systems, will find wide applications in all aspects of the global energy interconnection.