Table of Contents

1 Introduction.. 12
1.1The concept and classification of physical pollution. 12
1.1.1 The concept and classification of noise. 12
1.1.2 Vibration. 13
1.1.3 Radioactivity. 13
1.1.4 Electromagnetic radiation. 14
1.1.5 Thermal pollution. 15
1.1.6 Light pollution. 16
1.2The harm of physical pollution. 17
1.2.1 Noise hazard. 17
1.2.2 Vibration hazard. 21
1.2.3 Radiological hazard. 22
1.2.4 Electromagnetic radiation hazard. 29
1.2.5 Thermal Pollution Hazards. 35
1.2.6 Light pollution hazards. 38
Exercise. 41
2 Basic knowledge of sound waves. 42
2.1 The generation and propagation of sound waves. 42
2.2 Describe the basic physical quantities of sound waves. 43
2.3Sound pressure, sound energy, sound intensity, sound power. 46
2.3.1 Sound pressure. 46
2.3.2 Sound energy. 47
2.3.3 Sound intensity. 47
2.3.4 Power. 47
2.4 Sound level concept and sound level calculation. 48
2.4.1 Definition of decibel48
2.4.2 Definitions of sound pressure level, sound intensity level, and sound power level49
2.4.3 The relationship between sound intensity level and sound pressure level50
2.4.4 The relationship between sound power level and sound intensity level51
2.4.5 The relationship between sound power level and sound pressure level51
2.4.6 The superposition of sound waves. 51
2.5 Propagation characteristics of sound waves. 57
2.5.1 Reflection, transmission, and refraction of sound waves. 57
2.5.2 Diffraction of sound waves. 62
2.6The attenuation of sound in propagation. 62
2.6.1 Acoustic divergence attenuation. 63
2.6.2 Additional attenuation of air absorption. 65
2.6.3 Additional attenuation of ground absorption. 66
2.6.4 The influence of meteorological conditions on sound propagation. 67
2.7 Noise spectrum.. 67
2.7.1octave. 67
2.7.2 spectral analysis. 68
Exercise. 69
3 Noise evaluation and criteria.. 71
3.1Evaluative quantities of noise. 71
3.1.1 Equal Loudness Curve, Loudness and Loudness Levels. 71
3.1.2 Stevens Loudness. 73
3.1.3 Weighted sound levels and weighted networks. 74
3.1.4 A sound level75
3.1.5 Equivalent A sound level76
3.1.6 DayNight Equivalent Sound Level77
3.1.7 Cumulative percent sound level77
3.1.8 Traffic Noise Index TNI. 78
3.1.9 Noise pollution level78
3.10 Noise Rating Number (NR) Curve. 79
3.1.11 Noise level and perceived noise level80
3.1.12 Noise Impingement Index (NII)82
3.1.13 Noise masking. 83
3.1.14 Language clarity index and language interference level83
3.2 Environmental noise regulations and standards. 85
3.2.1 Environmental Noise Pollution Prevention and Control Law.. 86
3.2.2 Product Noise Standards. 86
3.2.3 Occupational Health Standard. 88
3.2.4 Design specification for noise control in industrial enterprises. 89
3.2.5 Sound Quality. 90
3.2.6 Noise Emission Standards. 91
Exercise. 93
4. Noise Measurement Technology.. 95
4.1 Noise Measuring Instruments. 95
4.1.1 sound level meter. 95
4.1.2 Spectrum Analyzer and Filter. 99
4.1.3 level recorder. 100
4.1.4 recording device. 100
4.1.5 Noise Statistical Analyzer. 101
4.2 Noise Measurement Methods. 102
4.2.1 Road traffic noise measurements102
4.2.2 Measurement of environmental noise in urban areas. 103
4.2.3 Plant noise measurement104
4.2.4 Measurement of environmental noise from production in enterprises 106
4.2.5 Measurement of machine noise in the workshop. 107
4.2.6 Measurement of intake and exhaust noise. 108
4.2.7 Motor Vehicle Noise Measurement108
4.3 Measurement of thesound absorption coefficient of acoustic materials. 109
4.3.1 Measurement of ungauged incident sound absorption coefficients of sound-absorbing materials by the reverberation chamber method. 109
4.3.2 Measurement of vertical incident sound absorption coefficients of sound-absorbing materials by the standing wave tube method. 113
Exercise. 115
5 Noise pollution control technology.. 116
5.1 Basic principles and methods of noise control116
5.1.1 Control noise from sound source. 116
5.1.2 Transmission path control118
5.1.3 Protection of the receiver. 119
5.2. General principles of noise control120
5.3 Basic procedures of noise control120
5.4 Noise source analysis. 122
5.4.1 Mechanical noise. 122
5.4.2 aerodynamic noise. 122
5.4.3 Electromagnetic noise. 123
5.5 Urban environmental noise control123
5.5.1 Classification of urban noise sources. 123
5.5.2 Urban Environmental Noise Control Measures129
Exercises. 133
6 Sound absorption and indoor sound fields. 134
6.1 Acoustic classification and sound absorption characteristics of materials. 134
6.1.1 Classification of sound-absorbing materials. 134
6.1.2 Sound absorption coefficient and amount137
6.2 Porous sound-absorbing material139
6.2.1 Structure characteristics and sound absorption mechanism of porous sound absorbing materials. 139
6.2.2 Sound absorption performance of porous sound absorbing materials and it's influencing factors. 140
6.3 Resonant sound absorption structure. 146
6.3.1 Resonance sound absorption structure of thin film and thin plate. 146
6.3.2. Perforated plate resonant sound absorption construction. 148
6.3.4 Sound absorption structure of the microperforated plate. 151
6.3.5 Space sound absorber. 153
6.3.6 Sound-absorbing wedge. 155
6.4 Indoor sound field and sound absorption and noise reduction. 157
6.4.1 The sound energy density and pressure level in the diffused sound field 157
6.4.2 Indoor sound absorption and noise reduction. 161
6.4.3 Reverberation time and its calculation. 162
6.4.4 Sound Absorption Handling Precautions. 164
6.4.5 Sound absorption and noise reduction design program.. 165
Exercises. 170
7 Sound insulation technology.. 171
7.1 Evaluation of sound insulation. 171
7.2 Sound Insulation Performance of Single-Layer Homogeneous Walls. 174
7.2.1 Law of mass for sound insulation of a single homogeneous wall174
7.2.2 Anastomotic effects. 174
7.2.3 Frequency characteristics of sound insulation by single homogeneous walls 176
7.3 Sound Insulation Performance of Double Homogeneous Partitions. 178
7.3.1. Principle of sound insulation in double partition walls. 178
7.3.2 Sound Insulation Characteristic Curves for Double Walls. 179
7.3.3 Double wall resonance frequency. 180
7.3.4 Sound insulation of double walls. 181
7.3.5 Sound Bridge. 181
7.3.6 Design Considerations for Double Wall Structures. 181
7.4 Sound-insulated rooms. 182
7.4.1 Calculation of average sound insulation of combined walls with doors and windows 182
7.4.2 Sound insulation of windows and doors. 183
7.5 Acoustic enclosures. 185
7.5.1 Insertion loss of acoustic enclosures. 185
7.5.2. Acoustic enclosure design considerations. 186
7.6 Acoustic screens. 186
7.6.1 Sound insulation of acoustic screens. 187
Exercises. 191
8 Muffler.. 192
8.1 Types, performance requirements, and evaluation of mufflers volume. 192
8.1.1 Types of mufflers192
8.1.2 Performance requirements for mufflers. 192
8.1.3 Muffler acoustic performance evaluation quantities. 193
8.1.4 Muffler pressure loss. 194
8.2 Resistive mufflers. 196
8.2.1 Muffling principle of resistive muffler. 196
8.2.2 Classification of resistive mufflers. 196
8.2.3 Calculation of muffling capacity of straight pipe mufflers. 198
8.2.4 High-frequency failure frequencies200
8.2.5 Effect of airflow on resistive mufflers. 200
8.2.6 Resistive muffler design. 202
8.3 Resistant mufflers. 206
8.3.1 Expansion chamber mufflers. 206
8.3.2 Resonant mufflers. 213
8.4 Impedance composite muffler. 217
8.4.1 Types of impedance composite mufflers. 217
8.4.2 Anechoic principles. 217
8.4.3 Impedance Composite Muffler Design Points218
8.5 Diffusion mufflers. 218
8.5.1 Jet noise. 219
8.5.2 Throttling and pressure-reducing mufflers. 220
8.5.3 Small hole injection mufflers. 222
8.6 Microperforated plate mufflers. 223
8.6.1 Anechoic Principles and Classification. 224
8.6.2 Calculation of anechoic volume. 224
8.7 Muffler design, manufacture, and installation applications. 225
8.7.1 Design and manufacture of mufflers. 225
8.7.2 Installation of mufflers. 229
Exercises. 230
9 Vibration Pollution and Its Control. 232
9.1 Allowable Vibration Standards. 232
9.1.1 Local vibration standards. 232
9.1.2 Overall vibration standards. 232
9.1.3 Environmental Vibration Standards. 233
9.2 Vibration Measurement Methods and Common Instruments. 234
9.2.1 Accelerometer. 234
9.2.2 Vibration Pre-Amplifier. 235
9.2.3 Sensitivity Calibration. 236
9.2.4 General Vibration Meter. 236
9.3 Vibration Control Techniques and Methods. 237
9.3.1 Vibration Source Control237
9.3.2 Vibration Transmission Control Process. 239
9.3.3 Measures for Vibration Control of Anti-Vibration Objects. 240
9.4 Vibration Isolation Principle. 240
9.4.1 Vibration Transmission and Isolation. 240
9.4.2 Vibration Isolation Force Transmission Rate. 242
9.4.3 Vibration Isolation Design. 245
9.4.4 Vibration Isolators and Vibration Isolation Materials. 246
9.5 Vibration Damping and Damping Materials. 250
9.5.1 Principle of Damping Vibration Reduction. 250
9.5.2 Damping Vibration Absorption Material251
Exercise. 253
10 Radioactive Pollution Control. 255
10.1 Introduction to Radioactivity. 255
10.1.1 Atoms and Atomic Nuclei255
10.1.2 Radioactivity and Isotopes. 256
10.1.3 Types of Radioactive Decay. 257
10.1.4 General Law of Radioactive Decay. 259
10.1.5 Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter. 260
10.2 Radioactive sources in the environment262
10.2.1 Natural sources of radiation. 263
10.2.2 Artificial sources of radioactive contamination. 266
10.2.3 Dynamics of radioactive contamination in the natural environment270
10.3 Basic Quantities and Units of Radiation Dose. 274
10.3.1 Radioactive Activity. 274
10.3.2 Absorbed Dose. 274
10.3.3 Irradiation. 275
10.3.4 Dose Equivalent275
10.4 Radiation Dose from Environmental Radioactivity to the Population. 276
10.4.1 Routes of Environmental Radioactive Substances into the Human Body 276
10.4.2 Normal Exposure Dose of Natural Radiation Sources. 276
10.4.3 Radiation Dose of Artificial Radiation Sources. 278
10.5 Radiation Protection. 282
10.6 Radioactive Waste. 291
Exercises. 301
11 Control of electromagnetic radiation pollution.. 302
11.1 The basic concept of electromagnetic field. 303
11.1.1 Electric and magnetic fields. 303
11.1.2 Electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation. 303
11.1.3 Radio Frequency Electromagnetic fields. 305
11.2 Units of measurement for electromagnetic pollution. 308
11.2.1 Radiation intensity. 308
11.2.2 Radiation dose. 308
11.3 Types of electromagnetic radiation pollution sources and transmission routes 309
11.3.1 Types of Electromagnetic Pollution Sources. 309
11.3.2 The transmission path of electromagnetic pollution. 313
11.4 Monitoring and standards of electromagnetic radiation. 314
11.4.1 Electromagnetic radiation monitoring. 314
11.4.2 Workplace electromagnetic radiation safety and health standards 316
11.4.3 Environmental Safety standards for electromagnetic radiation. 317
11.5 Control of electromagnetic radiation contamination. 320
11.5.1 Main protection measures for electromagnetic radiation. 320
11.5.2 Electromagnetic radiation protection of high-frequency equipment325
11.5.3 Electromagnetic radiation protection of radio and television transmitting stations 330
11.5.4 Electromagnetic radiation protection of microwave equipment331
11.5.5 Management of Electromagnetic Radiation. 333
11.6 Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation Pollution. 342
11.6.1 Main chapters and contents of the electromagnetic Radiation Environmental Impact Statement343
11.6.2 Scope and method of evaluation. 344
11.6.3 Evaluation criteria. 345
11.6.4 Instruments and methods used in electromagnetic radiation environmental impact assessment work. 346
Exercises. 346
12 Thermal pollution and its prevention.. 348
12.1 Overview.. 348
12.1.1 Thermal environment348
12.1.2 Types and causes of thermal pollution. 350
12.2 Effects of human activities on the thermal environment353
12.2.1 Greenhouse effect353
12.2.2 Heat Island Effect357
12.3 Water heat pollution sources and their prevention and control362
12.3.1 Sources of thermal pollution of water bodies. 362
12.3.2 Water Thermal Pollution Prevention. 363
12.4 Pollution sources of atmospheric heat and their prevention and control365
12.4.1 Sources of Atmospheric Thermal Pollution. 365
12.4.2 Prevention and control of atmospheric thermal pollution. 366
Exercises. 369
13 Light Pollution and Its Prevention and Control. 370
13.1 Summary. 370
13.1.1 Light Environment370
13.1.2 Light Pollution. 372
13.2 Fundamentals of Optics. 376
13.2.1 Basic Physical Quantities of Light376
13.2.2 Basic Technical Parameters of Electric Lamps. 380
13.3 Evaluation of Light Environmental Quality. 384
13.4 Prevention and control of light pollution. 392
13.4.1 Prevention and control of visible light pollution. 392
13.4.2 Infrared and ultraviolet pollution prevention and control395
13.4.3 Strengthen the management of light pollution. 396
Exercises. 397