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Deploying Functional Grammar

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This workbook is the culmination of a project initiated in the early 1980s by JimMartin and Clare Painter, who were joined in the endeavour by Christian Matthiessenin 1988. We three were all concerned to provide support materials for students andcolleagues who were learning the analyses proposed in Halliday's Introduction toFunctional Grammar. In particular we shared the experience of guiding studentsthrough familiar kinds of difficulties year after year - and wanted to prepare materialswhich would help learners through and around these experiences. We also wanted toprovide some support for people learning the grammar on their own, or without thedialogue provided by a critical mass of systemic linguists such as we enjoy in theSydney metropolitan region.
Since the publication of the first workbook titled Working with FunctionalGrammar in 1997, we have had the opportunity to use it with students, and to receivefeedback from many colleagues around the world. It became clear to us that weneeded to make a number of corrections and in some cases provide less confusingexamples. We were also keen to include a chapter on group and phrase analysis, whichfor reasons of space was excluded from the first edition; and we also wanted tointerface the grammar analyses considered here with discourse semantic systems, sothat their complementary roles in text analysis could be exemplified.
When negotiations with the original publisher along these lines broke down, wesecured the rights for the volume, and began exploring publication elsewhere. The Commercial Press has generously allowed us the additional scope we needed toamend the first edition with two additional chapters. We are delighted to bepublishing this second edition in China, where so much interest in functional grammarhas grown. Since IFG2 is still in print in China, we have accordingly cross-referencedthis edition to both the second and third editions of IFG.
We are of course much indebted to the many colleagues who have discussedaspects of these materials with us, to the many tutors who have dealt first-hand withproblems, and to the now thousands of students who have committed at least ahundred hours of their lives each to learning functional grammar in ourundergraduate linguistics and MA applied linguistics programs at the University ofSydney, Macquarie University, the University of Technology Sydney and the Universityof New South Wales.
Table of Contents
Prefacei
Chapter 1 Introduction1
1. What is functional grammar?1
2. Why this functional grammar?2
3. Using the workbook 3
4. Getting started with text analysis5
5. Constituency: functional and class units7
6. Reasoning in a functional grammar10
7. Paradigms as system networks13
8. Choice and constituency16
9. Learning to use IFG19
Chapter 2 Theme —— clause as message 21
1. Orientation 21
1.1 Reading guide to IFG21
1.2 Characterisation of Theme21
1.3 Thematic devebpment within a text22
2. Survey of options22
2.1 Ideational (topical} Theme24
2.2 Interpersonal Theme25
2.3 Textual Theme25
2.4 Summary of types of Theme26
2.5 Extending the thematic principle beyond the clause27
3. Troubleshooting 28
3.1 Picking out the unit of analysis28
3.2 Identifying the Theme28
3.3 Identifying the metafunction29
3.4 Subject it as unmarked topical Theme32
3.5 There's a...: 'Existential' clauses35
3.6 Recognising longer Theme units35
3.7 'Hypotactic' clause as Theme37
4. Analysis practice38
4.1 Phase I38
4.2 Phase II40
4.3 Phase III47
5. Review and contextualisation52
5.1 Defining Theme52
5.2 The location of THEME within the grammatical resources of English 52
5.3 Theme and Metafunction53
5.4 Theme and Mood54
Further reading54
Chapter 3 Mood —— clause as exchange56
1. Orientation 56
1.1 Reading guide to IFG56
1.2 Characterisation of Mood56
2. Survey of options59
2.1 Basic MOOD types60
2.2 Overall interpersonal organisation of the clause60
2.3 Interpersonal grammatical metaphor67
3. Troubleshooting69
3.1 The unit ofanalysis69
3.2 Identifying structural elements70
3.3 Ambiguous mood type75
3.4 Ambiguous polarity76
4. Analysis practice77
4.1 PhaseI77
4.2 Phase II82
4.3 Phase III89
5. Review and contextualisation93
5.1 Locating MOOD93
5.2 Interpersonal structure95
5.3 Interpersonal structure and textual structure95
Further reading96
Chapter 4 Transitivity—— clause as representation98
1. Orientation98
1.1 Reading guide to IFG98
1.2 Characterisation of TRANSITIVITY98
2. Survey of optionsI00
2.1 Material clauses102
2.2 Mental clauses103
2.3 Relational clauses104
2.4 Verbal clauses106
2.5 Behavioural clauses: between material and mental/verbal107
2.6 Existential clauses108
2.7 Additional Agents108
2.8 Ergative interpretation109
3. Troubleshooting112
3.1 A topology of processes112
3.2 General probes helpful in analysing for TRANSITIVITY 113
3.3 One process or two?ii4
3.4 Material clauses115
3.5 Mental clauses118
3.6 Relational clauses120
3.7 Verbal clauses124
3.8 Behavioural clausesI25
3.9 Discriminating circumstance type126
3.10 Distinguishing between circumstances and other elements126
4. Analysis practice130
4.1 Phase I130
4.2 Phase II137
4.3 Phase IIl146
5. Review and contextualisation153
5.1 The clause as experiential construct153
5.2 Ergative perspective155
5.3 Relation to other metafunctions155
Further reading159
Chapter 5 Group and phrase —— below the clause161
1. Orientation161
1.1 Reading guide to IFG161
1.2 Characterisation of groups/phrases161
2. Survey of options165
2.1 Nominal group165
2.2 Verbal group171
2.3 Other groups182
2.4 Prepositional phrase183
3. Troubleshooting185
3.1 Identifying groups/phrases185
3.2 Assigning a function to a word in a group186
3.3 Different meanings for prepositions196
3.4 Assigning a function to a phrase or a clause: ranking or embedded?198
4. Analysis practice200
4.1 Nominal group201
4.2 Verbal group212
4.3 Adverbial group & Prepositional phrase224
5. Review and contextualisation224
5.1 Locating groups & phrases: rank and metafunction224
5.2 Nominal group225
5.3 Verbal group226
5.4 Prepositional phrase 226
Further reading 227
Chapter 6 The clause complex —— above the clause229
1. Orientation229
1.1 Reading guide to IFG229
1.2 Characterisation of clause complex229
2. Survey of options231
2.1 TAXlS 231
2.2 Logico-semantic type234
2.3 Summary of clause complex relations237
3. 'Troubleshooting 238
3.1 Procedure for analysis238
3.2 Picking out the unit of analysis238
3.3 Complexing vs. embedding242
3.4 Parataxis or hypotaxis?247
3.5 Identifying the logico-semantic relation248
3.6 How many 'layers' to the clause complex?250
3.7 Implicit clause complex relations251
3.8 Projection251
3.9 'Surfacing' from an embedding252
4. Analysis practice253
4.1 Phase I253
4.2 Phase II259
4.3 Phase lII265
5. Review and contextualisation268
5.1 Review268
5.2 Relations between clauses270
Further reading 271
Chapter 7 Text analysis 272
1. Orientation272
1.1 Reading guide to IFG272
1.2 Characterisation of text analysis 272
2. Grammar and beyond274
2.1 Theme and information flow276
2.2 Clause complexing and conjunction278
2.3 Transitivity and ideation283
2.4 Nominal groups, ideation and identification284
2.5 Periodicity and appraisal288
2.6 Deixis and multimodality 291
3. Text analysis cartography293
References 299
Index303
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