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Preface
After the mid-10th century, a new unified dynasty called Song(960-1279) was established in China, which replaced the 54-year-oldFive Dynasties (907-960) during which the nation was carved up intoa number of separate regimes by rival warlords. At the beginning ofthe Song Dynasty, a rehabilitation policy was adopted, aiming to di-minish the social repercussion caused by the dynastic change and helprestore agriculture and handicraft to the original level as seen in theTang Dynasty (618-907). Eventually, the Song saw an agriculturalgrowth exceeding that of all the previous dynasties in history.
The urban business economy was thriving accordingly. The Festi-val of Pure Brightness on the River by Zhang Zeduan delineates themetropolitan life on both sides of the Bianhe River in the NorthernSong (960-1127) capital Kaifeng during the Qingming (PureBrightness) Festival. Economic prosperity and population growth alsohelped turn south China into a developed region. Thus the YangtzeRiver basin became another economic and cultural center of the coun-try following the Yellow River.