CHAPTER TWO English: A Germanic Language 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Pre-English Period 4
2.3 Old English Period 6
2.4 Middle English Period 8
2.5 Early Modem English Period 10
2.6 Modem English Period 15
2.7 Summary 16
CHAPTER THREE English: A Contact Language 18
3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 Latin Origins 20
3.3 Old Norse Origins 23
3.4 French Origins 25
3.5 Influence of Other Languages 32
3.6 Summary 37
CHAPTER FOUR English: Internationalization and Localization 38
4.1 Introduction 38
4.2 English Internationalization 38
4.3 English Localization 63
4.4 Summary 77
CHAPTER FIVE English: Standardization and Variation 78
5.1 Introduction 78
5.2 Standardization of English 78
5.3 Variation of English 88
5.4 Summary 95
CHAPTER SIX World Englishes and Corpus Linguistics 96
6.1 Introduction 96
6.2 Basics of a Corpus 96
6.3 Running a Corpus with AntConc 99
6.4 Corpora for WE Studies 111
6.5 Corpus-based Research on WE 115
6.6 Summary 118
CHAPTER SEVEN American English 120
7.1 Introduction 120
7.2 Webster’s 1828 Dictionary 120
7.3 Regional Variation 121
7.4 Differences between AmE and BrE 126
7.5 Americanization of English 141
7.6 Summary 151
CHAPTER EIGHT Singapore English 152
8.1 Introduction 152
8.2 Historical Profile of English in Singapore 152
8.3 Linguistic Features of Singapore English 158
8.4 Summary 165
CHAPTER NINE China English 167
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Historical Profile of English in China 168
9.3 China English, Chinese English, and Chinglish 182
9.4 Linguistic Features of China English 196
9.5 Summary 241
