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When a study employs multiple informants to collect data, there are three key challenges to be faced, these being (Wagner, Rau and Lindemann, 2010): (1) which and how many informants should be considered; (2) how to judge the consensus among the informants; and (3) how to aggregate the multiple responses for further data analysis.Decisions on the three aspects are connected and,therefore,have a joint impact on the estimation accuracy of data (Bruggen, Lilien and Kacker, 2002; Wagner, Rau and Lindemann, 2010).Each of the above decisions are now addressed.
Firstly, top managers (such as Presidents, Executive Presidents, General Managers, Vice Presidents, Executive Assistants to the President, CFOs, and CIOs) and marketing managers (including sales managers, marketing managers, senior marketing managers, and marketing directors) were used as respondents, because they were deemed as the most knowledgeable informants for the questions under investigation (Katsikeas, Samiee and Theodosiou, 2006 ; Sousa, Martinez—Lopez and Coelho, 2008).