1 The Process of Intercultural Learning 1
1.1 Differing Results of Deep Cultural Learning 1
1.2 Culture Shock and Cultural Learning 2
1.3 Deep and Surface Adaptive Demands 7
1.4 The Stages of Cultural Learning 12
1.5 Intercultural Sensitivity and Deep Culture 23
1.6 Questions for Discussion 30
2 The Deep Structure of Culture 31
2.1 Cultural ‘Rules’ and Diffuse Cultural Difference 31
2.2 Research into Deep Cultural Difference 35
2.3 Approaches to Understanding Value Orientations 43
2.4 The‘Cultural Onion’ Model of Trompenaars and Hampden-Tumer 46
2.5 Human Universals and the Biological Bases of Culture 52
2.6 Questions for Discussion 58
3 Building Blocks and Barriers 59
3.1 Building Block 1 : Culture 59
3.2 Building Block 2 : Communication 66
3.3 Culture and Communication 70
3.4 Building Block 3: Context 82
3.5 Building Block 4 : Power 83
3.6 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 86
3.7 Summary 95
3.8 Questions for Discussion 97
4 The Verbal Code 99
4.1 The Relationship Between Language and Culture 99
4.2 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 100
4.3 The Structure Of Human Language 102
4.4 Sounds and Symbols 103
4.5 Syntax and Universal Grammar 104
4.6 Universals of Language 109
4.7 Generative Grammar 110
4.8 Inductive Grammar 110
4.9 The Gendering of Language: Are Languages Sexist? 111
4.10 Cross-Cultural Communication Styles 114
4.11 Direct and Indirect Styles 115
4.12 Direct and Indirect Speaking in an Intercultural Conversation 117
4.13 Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Styles 118
4.14 Personal and Contextual Styles 119
4.15 Personal and Contextual Speaking in an Intercultural Conversation 122
4.16 Instrumental and Affective Styles 123
4.17 Gendered Language Style Across Cultures 126
4.18 Language and Ethnic Identity 129
4.19 Cajun English 135
4.20 Summary 132
4.21 Questions for Discussion 139
5 The Nonverbal Code 140
5.1 Definitions of Nonverbal Communication 140
5.2 The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Codes 142
5.3 Formal Versus Informal Code Systems 143
5.4 Channels of Nonverbal Communication 144
5.5 Emblems and Illustrators 145
5.6 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions of Emotion 149
5.7 Cross-Racial Recognition of Faces 153
5.8 Physical Appearance and Dress 174
5.9 Cultural Contexts and Nonverbal Expectancies 178
5.10 Summary 179
5.11 Questions for Discussion 181
6 A Rationale for Studying Intercultural Communication: Why Should We Know about Other Cultures? 182
7 Adaptation and Intercultural Competence: How Can I Be Effective in a New Culture? 202
8 How Do We Define Intercultural Competence? 222
9 Intercultural Competence Assessment 258
10 How Can We Develop Intercultural Competence While at College or University 274
11 Intercultural Communication and Self-confidence 303
12 Ethnocentricism and Othering Barriers to Intercultural Communication 316
