In one of the defining phrases of 2007, the author and investor Nassim Taleb has called these occurrences "black swans" - unexpected events that have enormous consequences.
In the early 1950s, while at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he pioneered "time-sharing", by which multiple users could work on a single mainframe simultaneously.
As one of the first advocates of postmodern science, Stephen Toulmin provided the therapy for the crisis of the scientific rationality from the postmodern perspective.
