| 1 | He later became a fierce critic of the North. | |
| 2 | The former politician defected to South Korea in 1997 | |
| 3 | Since his 1997 defection, Hwang has only been allowed to travel overseas once. | |
| 4 | Until now, South Korean officials refused to let Hwang Jang-yop travel abroad, fearing he would become a target for assassination. | |
| 5 | The 85-year-old was the architect of the North's philosophy of ("juche" or) self-reliance, and he once tutored Pyongyang's current leader Kim Jung Il. |